Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that can cause oxidative stress in various organs, including the liver. Didymin is a dietary flavanone that displays multiple pharmacological activities. Therefore, the present study evaluated the palliative role of didymin against PS-NPs-induced hepatic damage in rats. Albino rats (n=48) were randomly distributed into 4 groups: control, PS-NPs treated group, PS-NPs + didymin co-administered group, and didymin supplemented group. After 30 days, PS-NPs intoxication lowered the expression of Nrf-2 and anti-oxidant genes [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)], whereas the expression of KEAP1 kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap-1) was increased. PS-NPs exposure also reduced the activities of anti-oxidants enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GSR, GST, GSH, and OH-1), while malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were increased. The levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were increased in PS-NPs-exposed rats. Moreover, inflammatory indices [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)] were increased in PS-NPs-exposed rats. Furthermore, PS-NPs intoxication increased the expressions of apoptotic markers including Bax and Caspase-3, as well as reducing Bcl-2 expression. The histopathological analysis showed significant damage in PS-NPs-treated rats. However, didymin supplementation ameliorated all the PS-NPs-induced damage in the liver of rats. Therefore, it was concluded that didymin can act as a remedy against PS-NPs-induced liver toxicity due to its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Abstract Most of the treatment strategies for tumors and other disorders is photodynamic therapy (PDT). For several years, increasing the efficiency of nanostructured treatment devices, including light therapy, has been considered in different treatment methods. Light Dynamics The use of nanomaterial in this method's production and progress. The use of nanoparticles as carriers is a promising accomplishment, since all the criteria for an ideal photodynamic therapy agent can be given with these nanomaterials. The kinds of nanoparticles that have recently been used in photodynamic therapy are mentioned in this article. Latest advancements are being explored in the use of inorganic nanoparticles and biodegradable polymer-based nanomaterial as carriers of photosynthetic agents. Photosynthetic nanoparticles, self-propagating nanoparticles, and conversion nanoparticles are among the successful photodynamic therapy nanoparticles addressed in this report.

Resumo A maioria das estratégias de tratamento para tumores e outros distúrbios consiste na terapia fotodinâmica (PDT). Por vários anos, observou-se o aumento da eficiência de dispositivos de tratamento nanoestruturados, incluindo terapia de luz, que tem sido considerada em diferentes métodos de tratamento. Desse modo, este trabalho visa analisar a utilização de nanomateriais na produção e evolução deste método. A utilização de nanopartículas como carreadores é uma conquista promissora, pois todos os critérios para um agente de terapia fotodinâmica ideal podem ser obtidos com esses nanomateriais. Os categorias de nanopartículas que têm sido utilizados recentemente na terapia fotodinâmica são mencionados neste artigo. Os últimos avanços estão sendo explorados na utilização de nanopartículas inorgânicas e nanomateriais à base de polímeros biodegradáveis como portadores de agentes fotossintéticos. Nanopartículas fotossintéticas, nanopartículas autopropagantes e nanopartículas de conversão estão entre as nanopartículas de terapia fotodinâmica bem-sucedidas abordadas neste trabalho.

Within the framework of a biosurveillance of marine species on Tunisian coasts, we studied the salema Sarpa salpa, a fish that is consumed by the people living in this region. There is a seasonal occurrence of hallucinogen effects observed when this fish is consumed by humans. The aim of this work was to determine the seasonal variation in the composition of this fish's diet and to correlate this variation with the antioxidant activity found in its tissues. The salema that lives around the Island of Kerkennah is primarily a herbivorous fish during all seasons. We observed an increased expression of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in certain organs compared to the control fish, Diplodus annularis. There was a "season-depending" cumulative effect, appearing in the organs starting with the liver, followed by the brain, and finally the flesh. Moreover, it increases according to the size of the animal and thus to the amount of food it consumes. The hallucinogen effect that the consumption of salema has on humans is parallel to the seasonal variation in the epiphytes that are co-ingested by these fish with their food. A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was also observed between the total toxic dinoflagellates and the antioxidant response: CAT and GPx in liver, brain, and flesh for all seasons and all sizes together.

En el marco de un muestreo biológico de las especies marinas en las costas de Túnez, se estudió la salema Sarpa salpa, un pescado que es consumido por los habitantes de esta región. Se ha observado un acontecimiento estacional de efectos alucinógenos en los seres humanos después de consumir este pescado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la variación estacional de la composición de la dieta de S. salpa y correlacionar esta variación con la actividad antioxidante observada en los tejidos. La salema que se encuentra alrededor de la isla de Kerkennah es principalmente un pez herbívoro durante todas las estaciones del año. Se observó un incremento de la expresión de la catalasa (CAT) y la glutatión peroxidasa (GPx) en ciertos órganos en comparación con el pez control, Diplodus annularis. Se encontró un efecto acumulativo dependiente de la estación, que apareció primero en el hígado, después en el cerebro y por último en la carne. Además, se incrementa según el tamaño del animal y, por tanto, la cantidad de alimento que consume. El efecto alucinógeno que el consumo de la salema tiene en el ser humano se relaciona con la variación estacional de las epifitas que son coingeridas por estos peces con su comida. También se observó una correlación significativa (P < 0.01) entre el total de dinoflagelados tóxicos y la respuesta antioxidante: CAT y GPx en el hígado, el cerebro y la carne para todas las estaciones y tallas en conjunto.